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The term boundary tone refers a rise or fall in pitch that occurs in speech at the end of a sentence or other utterance, or, if a sentence is divided into two or more intonational phrases, at the end of each intonational phrase. It can also refer to a low or high intonational tone at the beginning of an utterance or intonational phrase. The term was first introduced in a Ph.D. thesis on English intonation by Mark Liberman in 1975 but without being developed further.〔Liberman (1975), p.286.〕 It was taken up again in 1980 in another Ph.D. thesis on English intonation by Janet Pierrehumbert.〔Pierrehumbert (1980), p.26.〕 In Pierrehumbert's model, which later developed into the ToBI system of intonational transcription, every intonational phrase is marked as ending in a boundary tone, written either H% when the speaker's voice rises up, or L% when it falls or remains low. For example, the sentence ''This is my sister Mary'' can be pronounced in two ways, either as a single intonational phrase with a single high pitch on the first syllable of ''Mary'' (L L L L L H L), or as two intonational phrases with a high pitch both on ''sister'' and on ''Mary'' (L L L H L H L). If it is pronounced the second way, the words ''sister'' and ''Mary'' both have a falling intonation, and each one is transcribed by Pierrehumbert as H * + L + L%. (The asterisk indicates a stressed syllable.)〔Pierrehumbert (1980), p.96.〕 In another example, in response to the question, "What about Anna? Who did she come with?", a speaker may reply ''Anna came with Manny''. Again there are two possible pronunciations: the speaker can either say this as a single intonational phrase with a single high pitch on ''Manny'' (L L L L H L), or as two intonational phrases with one high pitch on the first syllable of ''Anna'' and another on the first syllable of ''Manny'' (H L L L H L). If the sentence is pronounced in the second way, because the word ''Anna'' is the topic of the sentence and does not give new information, it will have a slight rise in pitch on the second syllable (see the illustration). In this case it is transcribed by Pierrehumbert as H * + L + H%.〔Pierrehumbert (1980), pp.47, 266, 315.〕 A boundary tone can also begin a sentence or intonational phrase. For example, the phrase ''Another orange'' would usually be pronounced with a low pitch on the first syllable. However, it can sometimes be pronounced with a high pitch on ''A-''. Pierrehumbert marks this high pitch also with H%.〔Pierrehumbert (1980), p.258.〕 (A low boundary tone at the beginning of an utterance is usually not marked by Pierrehumbert.) Because of its simplicity compared with previous attempts at transcribing English intonation, Pierrehumbert's model has been influential〔Cruttenden (1986), p.67f.〕 and has been successfully adapted to several other languages, for example Persian,〔Sadat-Tehrani (2007).〕 German,〔Grice et al (2005)〕 and Dutch.〔Gussenhoven (2010).〕 Some analyses use a larger number of boundary tones than L% and H%; for example for Dutch, Gussenhoven uses L%, H%, and % (no boundary tone) at the end of an utterance, and %L, %H, and %HL at the beginning;〔 while for Italian Frota and Prieto posit six boundary tones, written L%, H%, LH%, HL%, L!H%, and H!H% (where !H represents a downstepped high tone, i.e. one slightly lower in pitch than the previous one).〔Frota & Prieto (2015), p.412.〕 In modern intonational studies the term 'boundary tone' replaces the notion of 'terminal junctures' (falling #, rising //, and level /) used in earlier American studies of intonation.〔Cruttenden (1986), pp.45f.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Boundary tone (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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